Characterization of optogenetically-induced cortical spreading depression in awake mice using graphene micro-transistor arrays

Abstract Objective. The development of experimental methodology utilizing graphene micro-transistor arrays to facilitate and advance translational research into cortical spreading depression (CSD) in the awake brain. Approach. CSDs were reliably induced nontransgenic mice using optogenetic methods. High-fidelity DC-coupled electrophysiological mapping propagating was obtained flexible soultion-gated field-effect transistors (gSGFETs). Main results. Viral vectors targetted channelrhopsin expression neurons motor cortex resulting a transduction volume ⩾1 mm 3 . 5–10 s continous blue light stimulation CSD that propagated across at velocity 3.0 ± 0.1 min −1 Graphene enabled high-density infraslow activity correlated with neuronal suppression multiple frequency bands during both initiation propagation. Localized differences waveform could be detected categorized distinct clusters demonstrating spatial resolution advantages recordings. We exploited reliable repeatable induction this preparation perform proof-of-principle pharmacological interrogation studies NMDA antagonists. MK801 (3 mg kg ) suppressed propagation, an effect mirrored, albeit transiently, by ketamine (15 ), thus models’ applicability as preclinical drug screening platform. Finally, we report through skull micro-transistors, highlighting additional future applications technology. Significance. is thought contribute pathophysiology several neurological diseases. will benefit from technological advances permit high density propagation cortex. vivo assay permits minimally invasive induction, combined multichannel recordings gSGFETs Adoption approach transform investigations disease relevant models.